Community Health M3 Practice Test

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• In which study design is the risk ratio (RR) most appropriately used?
• In planning an intervention to reduce teen pregnancy, which determinant of health should be addressed to create an effective initiative?
• What is herd immunity?
• Which of the following best describes a primary role of ethics in public health data collection?
• What best defines social marketing in health promotion?
• When measuring the frequency of meningitis in adolescents aged 12 to 15 during the last seven years, which epidemiologic measure would be most accurate?
• How can gender influence health outcomes? Choose the best explanation related to maternal or sexual health.
• In TB control, which integration of services is commonly recommended?
• In the epidemiological triangle, what does the agent refer to?
• What are the main Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) domains typically considered?
• Which statement best describes the role of primary health care in community health?
• Which would the nurse determine to be a disadvantage of using a prospective cohort epidemiological study design?
• When evaluating the reliability of a measurement in a health study, which statement is accurate?
• Which statement about the proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) is true?
• Which of the following represents a community-level nutrition intervention?
• Why is vaccination hesitancy a policy and communication challenge?
• Which statement best defines the neonatal period?
• Which measures are commonly used to quantify health inequality?
• A maternal mortality ratio is a measure used to monitor which aspect of health?
• If a 95% confidence interval for a mean difference excludes zero, what does it indicate?
• Which vaccines are typically administered at around 6 weeks of age in the standard schedule?
• Why might a program offering free glucose testing fail to reduce hospital admissions for uncontrolled diabetes?
• Which indicators are used to assess access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in a community?
• In an outbreak investigation, which action is the first essential step?
• Which term would the nurse use to report a large increase in chickenpox cases to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)?
• What is the primary purpose of risk communication in public health?
• Which of the following is a secondary prevention activity?
• Define quality improvement in public health programs.
• Which are essential components of a health information system at primary health care?
• Which statement explains the mortality rates?
• In which study design is the odds ratio (OR) most appropriately used?
• Which epidemiologic method would the nurse implement to analyze laboratory results to obtain data on the effects of hepatitis C in the female population ages 45 to 65?
• Which statement best defines a randomized controlled trial and why it is high-quality evidence?
• Which of the following are examples of structural determinants of health?
• Which pattern is least likely to be considered a time-related pattern in descriptive epidemiology?
• How can health disparities be addressed in a community health program?
• Which statement best describes the relationship among host, agent, and environment in disease causation?
• In the epidemiological triangle, which component is most directly influenced by housing and environmental conditions?
• Which bias arises from non-representative samples in a study?
• Which study design is typically used to assess associations between exposures and diseases by comparing individuals with the disease to those without?
• According to the typical immunization schedule, which vaccine is given at birth?
• What is herd immunity and on what does its threshold depend?
• Out-of-pocket expenditure is defined as direct payments by individuals for health care.
• What is a needs assessment in community health?
• Which statement correctly differentiates prevalence from incidence?
• What is the main distinction between Cost-Utility Analysis and Cost-Benefit Analysis?
• Which strategy is central to TB control programs in most settings?
• Which measure represents the proportion of a population that develops a disease during a defined period?
• Explain the role of nutrition in community health and a related public health intervention.
• Which statement best describes the ecological model as it relates to health outcomes?
• What does incidence rate quantify in epidemiology?
• In a logic model for program planning, which sequence best represents the causal chain from resources to social impact?
• Which set comprises the health system building blocks according to the WHO?
• What is the primary health impact of WASH programs in a community?
• Which statement best describes upstream public health interventions?
• Which statement describes secular trends in descriptive epidemiology?
• In evaluating program impact with a logic model, which approach is typical?
• Which factor exemplifies secular trends in descriptive epidemiology?
• Neyman bias vs latency: which statement is true?
• What components make up the burden of disease used to prioritize health interventions and allocate resources?
• How do you calculate the number needed to treat (NNT)?
• Which leading cause of death did not change from 1950 to 2016?
• Describe a cohort study and its key measures.
• Which nursing action is an example of primary prevention strategies?
• Which statement accurately defines active surveillance?
• What is the objective of India's NRHM / Reproductive and Child Health program?
• The proportion of ADHD in a school population of 3427 students with 283 ADHD cases last year is approximately what percent?
• Which statement best describes primary prevention?
• Which item is NOT typically listed as an essential component of maternal health care?
• During which century did epidemiological research methods start using comparison groups?
• In a logic model, what do 'inputs' refer to?
• Which statement best differentiates child mortality from under-5 mortality?
• Which practice protects privacy when using public health surveillance data for research?
• Which statement about cross-sectional studies is true regarding temporality?
• Which of the following is a secondary prevention measure?
• Which grouping of activities is an example of secondary prevention strategies for immigrants to the United States?
• What is the primary purpose of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model in health promotion planning?
• What is the primary aim of occupational health in primary care?
• Vaccination is best described as which level of prevention?
• When is cumulative incidence more appropriate than incidence rate?
• Which health service implication is associated with aging populations in the Demographic Transition?
• Which measures are used for vector-borne disease control at the community level?
• Which formula is used to calculate sample size for a prevalence study?
• Which measure expresses the absolute difference in risk between exposed and unexposed groups in a cohort study?
• In assessing the probability of influenza among the elderly or frail population, which measurement best reflects the number who may be affected?
• Which of the following is an example of secondary data in epidemiology?
• What is a primary objective of TB control programs such as DOTS/RNTCP?
• Which term describes the occurrence of a disease in terms of person, place, and time?
• Which model best supports the presentation on multidimensional factors associated with premature birth rates?
• Which statement correctly defines prevalence in a population?
• Leprosy elimination as a public health problem is defined as prevalence of less than how many per 10,000 population?
• Which combination best addresses vaccination hesitancy?
• What is participatory budgeting in the context of community health?
• In environmental health risk assessment, which step estimates how much people are exposed to a hazard?
• Crude mortality rate is defined as total deaths per 1000 population; age-specific mortality rate is defined as deaths in an age group per what?
• DALY stands for Disability-Adjusted Life Year. How is it calculated?
• Which statement best describes the role of a public health nurse in primary prevention?
• Which example reflects cyclical patterns of time in descriptive epidemiology?
• A surveillance system that relies on data routinely reported by clinicians without active outreach is called:
• According to Demographic Transition Theory, which stage is characterized by falling birth rates?
• In emergency preparedness, what is a primary goal of a needs assessment?
• Which statement best describes passive surveillance?
• Which calculation would the nurse use to represent the number of existing people with hypertension compared with the number of people screened?
• In a cross-sectional survey, which scenario illustrates selection bias?
• What does vaccine coverage measure?
• How can GIS be used to optimize vaccine delivery in a community?
• Which action is reflective of primary prevention when the nurse provides education to daycare workers?
• Out-of-pocket expenditure affects health equity; which measure can reduce it?
• What does the term 'double burden' of malnutrition refer to?
• Which model best describes the study of disease in relation to an agent, host, and environment?
• Which term is NOT part of the epidemiological triangle?
• Describe a case-control study and its key measure.
• In DALY, which component represents Years of Life Lost due to premature mortality?
• How does the upstream vs downstream approach influence health interventions?
• What is the purpose of program evaluation in community health?
• In community health, which action best exemplifies primary prevention at the population level?
• In planning a community health class focused on primary prevention, which action should the nurse include?
• Which statement best describes external validity?
• Which component is essential for maintaining vaccine potency and safety during storage and transport?
• What is confounding and how is it controlled in analysis?
• Which is the initial step in an outbreak investigation?
• In a hospital with 4271 total deaths last year, 973 deaths were due to infection, and 402 deaths were due to hospital-acquired infection. What is the proportionate mortality ratio for hospital-acquired infection per 1000 people?
• In evaluating interventions, which outcome is most commonly used to measure primary prevention impact?
• What is the formula for the likelihood ratio for a positive test (LR+)?
• Which is an example of environment within the epidemiologic triangle?
• Primary prevention strategies for non-communicable diseases include which of the following?
• Which action reflects primary prevention when a school nurse implements a sexual health program for teenagers?
• What is health literacy?
• Under-five mortality rate is defined as deaths of children under five per 1,000 live births and is commonly estimated from birth histories in surveys.
• What is the purpose of the design effect in sample size planning?
• Define health promotion and give a planning model commonly used in health program development.
• Which component is an advantage of an ecological epidemiological study design?
• What distinguishes cost-effectiveness analysis from cost-benefit analysis?
• Which statement best defines the maternal mortality ratio?
• Which elements are essential in an outbreak communication plan?
• Why is adherence to immunization schedules important in public health?
• Which type of data is monitored with GIS technology in epidemiology?
• Which of the following best describes secondary prevention?
• Which statement best defines risk communication and when is it most needed?
• What is the concept of the built environment and its health implications?
• Which statement best describes descriptive epidemiology?
• In an outbreak investigation, after formulating hypotheses, what is the next step?
• Which statement describes point prevalence?
• Which statement best defines under-five mortality rate estimation from survey data?
• Which principle is included in the Alma-Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care?
• Which is NOT typically considered a component of a program logic model?
• What does the Population Attributable Fraction measure?
• Which morbidity measure is used to determine the proportion of all deaths from a specific cause?
• What is the role of physical activity promotion in community health?
• Which statement best describes the prevalence proportion of tuberculosis in a community?
• Which statement about surveillance types is true?
• Which statement best describes non-communicable diseases?
• What is the incidence of a disease?
• Which study is an example of analytic epidemiology?
• Which data source is commonly used as secondary data in epidemiology?
• Which statement is true about systematic sampling?
• Which nursing action best represents tertiary prevention regarding breast cancer?
• Which of the following is a component of descriptive epidemiology?
• Which statement correctly defines sensitivity and specificity?
• Which statement best describes a core step in conducting a stakeholder analysis for a community health project?
• Which indicator is defined as low height-for-age?
• Which statement best describes the essential components of a public health program logic model?
• Which definition reflects the concept of proportion?
• Which statement correctly defines incidence in terms of risk?
• What does DOTS stand for in TB control programs?
• Which statement best differentiates prevalence from incidence?
• In which century did epidemiological research methods start using comparison groups?
• Descriptive epidemiology focuses on describing disease occurrence by which dimensions?
• In cost-effectiveness analysis, which metric is commonly computed to compare alternative programs?
• What is the first step in planning a community-based cross-sectional survey?
• Which statement correctly contrasts internal and external validity?
• When is a cross-sectional study appropriate and what are its limitations?
• Which sequence best describes the steps in PRA or Rapid Appraisal for community diagnosis?
• Which intervention reduces risk factors before disease occurs?
• Which study design is most appropriate for examining the association between a potential risk factor and disease in a defined population over time?
• Which statement defines surveillance in public health?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements of the epidemiologic triangle?
• Which statement about stratified sampling is NOT true?
• Which is a core use of GIS in planning vaccine delivery?
• What is the purpose of environmental health risk assessment?
• Which of the following is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases?
• The concentration index is a measure of what aspect of health inequality?
• Which test characteristic best helps rule out disease when the test result is negative?
• Which statement describes passive surveillance in public health?
• Which of the following is an example of a cyclical time pattern in descriptive epidemiology?
• Incidence is defined as the rate of new cases in a population. Which formula correctly defines incidence?
• In a cross-sectional survey, nonresponse bias can lead to?
• GIS technology in epidemiology is used to monitor which type of data?
• In cost-effectiveness analysis, which outcome metric is commonly used to compare programs?
• How does higher disease prevalence affect predictive values?
• Which action is least aligned with primary prevention?
• Which statement accurately describes primary health care?
• Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for non-communicable diseases?
• Measles vaccination is typically administered at approximately what age?
• Which statement best distinguishes health promotion from disease prevention?
• Which of the following is an example of a social environment determinant of health?
• Which statement explains a reason why screening programs may not reduce disease burden?
• Which item represents an agent within the epidemiological triangle?
• What is the definition of epidemiology?
• Which number is used to measure the proportion of persons diagnosed with AIDS who have died during 2010 to 2015?
• If a 95% confidence interval does not include the null value, what does this imply?
• In the epidemiological triangle, which factor best represents the host?
• Which combination reflects core ethical considerations in public health data collection?
• If a disease has an R0 of 3, what percentage of the population must be immune to achieve herd immunity?
• What is a hallmark of community engagement and participatory action research?
• When researching the number of infant deaths under one year compared with the number of live births between 2010 and 2017, which measure would you examine?
• Which option represents an essential component of an outbreak investigation?
• The nurse wants to address built environment determinants of health in reducing asthma rate. What is an example of an initiative that would do this?
• Which statement correctly defines prevalence?
• Which of the following best defines secondary prevention?
• Which action would be a tertiary prevention intervention?
• What is the purpose of a needs assessment in emergency preparedness?
• Which is an example of primary prevention?
• Which term describes the total number of new and existing cases of a disease in a population at a given time?
• Which action is an example of a secondary prevention strategy in a community setting?
• During which century did epidemiological research methods start using quantitative techniques?
• Which option best illustrates the environment in the epidemiologic triangle in relation to disease transmission?
• In the epidemiologic triangle, which element is described as the disease-causing agent?
• Which statement best describes descriptive epidemiology?
• Which study design is best for establishing incidence over time?
• How is a crude rate calculated and why is standardization necessary?
• Which step is not part of the standard Environmental Health Risk Assessment steps?
• Define selection bias and give a representative example in community health research.
• Which action is a tertiary prevention measure?
• What is the primary purpose of a public health surveillance system?
• Which describes tertiary prevention?
• Which factor contributed to health-related changes in society during the twentieth century?
• What is GIS used for in community health?
• Which component of the epidemiological triangle corresponds to the environment?
• Which approach is effective for controlling confounding in study design or analysis?
• Explain health equity versus health equality.
• To reflect the number of people who may be affected by influenza in an elderly/frail population, which epidemiologic measure is most appropriate?
• Which item is an example of a host characteristic in the epidemiologic triangle?
• Which of the following is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases?
• Which statement best describes tertiary prevention?
• How does data privacy apply to health information systems in community programs?
• Which statement best describes a core step in conducting a stakeholder analysis for a community health project?
• Which description best defines incidence rate?
• When is finite population correction used in sample size calculations?